An Essay Plan on the History of High Heels Essay

The aim in this essay plan is to identify classes and gender of high heel shoes. It also aims to construct in cultural terms why high heels has developed and remained a paramount accessory, its reasons why high heels shoes were made, and its representation in both gender. I also intend to frame how man perceives high heels that were worn by woman from the 17th century. Finally, I would present the evolution of high heels as it changes from time to time. Introduction During the late sixteenth century, in Western Europe the appearance of footwear has been established by June Swann’s meticulous research. However, a crucial question surfaced after several improvements were added to the high-heeled shoes. Why do high heels emerge as an item of fashion at that time? I shall also give the complex range of culture from which high heels derived. The discussion on the general impact that high heels have in identity, class and gender shall be explained. The high heels had become a symbol of wealth, style and status worn by men, women and children, of the upper classes. Europeans became interested in these cultures for a range political, social and commercial reason. I shall be using â€Å"Shoes†, a book written by Giorgio Riello and Peter McNeil. In 1533, it was the wedding of Italian born Catherine de Medici with the Duke of Orleans in France that brought high heels in popularity for women. Ladies can thank this forward fashion royal who insisted on having heels made for her in Florence prior to the wedding. The 14-year-old challenged bride set the rage in Paris for the new â€Å"It† shoe. Development The high heel emerged as an exclusively feminine form of footwear by the early eighteenth century and this shift show changes in notions of gender. In the aristocratic society, high heels became objects of scorn when reduced to only a few millimeters as the upper class conformed to a more controlled esthetic favored by the middle class. The reemergence of high heels during the middle century challenged the respectable women on many levels in respect to their confinement. Why does man wear high heels in the past? Since the late 1700s, men’s shoes have had primarily low heels although high heels originated in France as male footwear around 1500. A notable exception is cowboy boots, which continue to sport a taller riding heel. The two-inch Cuban heel features in many styles of men’s boot, but was popularized by Beatle boots, famously worn by the English rock group, The Beatles, which saw the reintroduction of heels for men. In the 1970s, there was also a brief rising in higher-heeled shoes for men. It provides a tantalizing evidence of the private aspects female body in public. Heels are a staple in the chic urban woman’s wardrobe, but this was not always the case. In 1500, it was men, descendants of European nobility, who began to wear heeled shoes in order to keep their feet in stirrups when horseback riding. Although there are some references to heels in history prior to this, this is when it become popularized for men of the courts and the term â€Å"well heeled† came about to suggest being wealthy or able to afford the costly shoes. What does red high heels shoes represents in the 17th century. Since Louis XIV was rather short, he wore heels and soles, which were raised with cork, and were covered with red leather. Until the French Revolution, these red heels and red edged shoes remained a privilege for the French nobility. Madame de Pompadour, Louis XIV’s fashion-loving, trend-setting mistress, fell in love with red a half-century after the Louis who wore the red heels. She moved red from Versailles velvets to simpler cotton and chintz. In her various chateaus, she covered sofas and beds with red-colored stripes and prints. Quote: â€Å"†¦man’s red high heels, while already an established fashion, became a regulated expression of political privilege. † (Riello and Peter McNei 2006). This quote establishes a type of perception heels are giving men wearing them. It means that men in red high heels are being looked up in the society as someone regulated by a political privilege as it usually being wore by men in court and nobility, taking for example King Louis XIV who was the one who established wearing red high heels in court. High heel shoes are believed to have transformative powers to make the women who wear them into the women they seek to be. With a full closet of possibilities, a woman’s fantasies can be worn at will, or kept in reserve for possible future times of need. High heel shoes represent hope. â€Å"†¦The high heel’s popularity among women was related to its ability to present the fiction of a diminutive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Riello and Peter McNei 2006). This quote is about how these high heels worn by women has affected its semblance in the society. Women maybe of a low class but wearing a high heels has no longer become a necessity but rather a symbol in society depending on how the wearer wants to be perceived. Here I will discuss how women use fashion to influence men through the exploitation of men’s sexual desire. â€Å"†¦ Like false ambition in men, from a love of power. † (Wilson 2005). In this quote, it tries to express that women in heels provokes men sexually and physically. The wearing of high heels treats men’s sexual desire, as women are treated sex symbols in society especially by those who provocatively use high heels as a seduction. The representation of high heels has become increasingly eroticized because the higher the heel the greater the show’s association with sexuality. Fashion photography has linked pornography and high heels as part of an erotic imagery. It also has the capacity to signify values it even shaped and constructed the female status, desirability and self-representation. It does establish only femininity but also sexual allure. The â€Å"flapper† who suggested sexual availability by wearing highs, shockingly short skirts, and make up such as rouge and lipstick, which until the 1920s had been signifiers of prostitution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Riello and Peter McNei 2006). In the post-modern context of the 1980s, the feminist rejection of fashion started to lose much of its grassroots support. The idea that fashion, specifically sexy shoes, were not simply oppressive but offered pleasure to women became more widely accepted (Gamman 1993). Critics argued that fashion can be an experiment with appearances that challenges cultural meaning. In the early 1980s, this change of heart about high heels perhaps was provoked by counter-cultural street fashion. Moreover, feminist debates about pleasure and female desire, which indirectly changed the way fashion was understood. Western women now claimed they were wearing high heels for themselves and that heels gave them not only height but also power and authority. From a 16th century Italian, high-platform shoe called the chopine, women’s and men’s elevated heels evolved. Practical versions of the chopine, called pattens, made it easier to walk on muddy pathways before the advent of sidewalks and curbs. Because chopines raised both the heel and the toes above the ground, walking was difficult, and so, after two centuries on stilts, the sole was lowered while the heel was left standing. Thus the high-heel was born, an evolutionary hybrid. As technology evolved, shoes also evolved depending on the current needs of women in work and society. The culture of shoes in general affects how women of today are perceived and represented. Some may have been criticized and scorned but I never stopped them from improving according the needs that women are expected to present themselves in public. While some may be conservative, others are a bit provocative and thus reflect the idea of prostitution by the wearer. In the 19th century, high-heeled shoe became the top style to own although Europe brought the new trend for high heels. America was not far behind in becoming of style because in 1888, the first heel factory in the United States opened. Making it unnecessary for women to import their shoes from Paris. Women in the early part of the 20th century favored sensible shoes but in the 1920s, legs and feet were suddenly on display and shoes needed to be as beautiful as they were practical. The women of today believed that wearing high heels makes them more women to themselves than wearing flat shoes because it enhances beauty and personality. In a cultural sense, women of today have earned their power and authority by the stature they pose in the society and these high heels has contributed to that perception. Conclusion To conclude, the cultural changes of shoes affect how the women of today were perceived by the society. Originally, high heels were created for both sexes but women are more empowered to wear high heels than the men do. The kind of impact high heels have on woman and man from the 17th century to now dwells more on the societal functions. Women in the 21st century have more shoe choices than ever before. From athletic wear to high heel, women can choose to wear what they want, even hybrid shoes such as â€Å"heeled† tennis shoes and flip-flops. What is certain is that heels have not disappeared. It continues to evolve and match with the current trends in fashion wear. Dress and shoe should always go along together to match up the affair or the function of the wearer. Some women are even going under the knife to shorten their toes or inject padding into the balls of their feet to allow their feet to fit more comfortably into a pair of stilettos. Though this is already an obsession but the women never stopped from daring into where it would get them physically. While these may be oddities of fashion, they gesture toward an exciting array of fashion choices women have today. The high heels are of different varieties that women could choose depending on their types of confidence level and their position in the society and their financial capabilities as well. Shoes are made not only for comfort but it reflects a much higher degree of sense as it involves culture and history. It presents the issue of high heels as a tool in getting into a privileged world or reflects a negative perception of sexuality. It will now depend on how the wearer shall carry oneself in public, strutting his or her favorite footwear. Works Cited Gamman, Larraine. â€Å"Self-Fashioning, Gender Display, and Sexy Girl Shoes: What’s at Stake—Female Fetishism or Narcissism? † Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss, eds. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. (1993) Giorgio, R. And Peter, M. , â€Å"Shoes,†, Oxford: Berg. ( 2006) Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York, New York: Routledge. Retrieved from: http://books. google. com/books? id=-aFtPdh6-2QC. (2005)

1996 Ap Us History Free Response dbq Essay

Throughout the period 1801-1817, the government was ruled by the Jeffersonian Republican party, whereas the Federalist Party began to slowly fade away from public view. The Jeffersonian Republican party, led by Thomas Jefferson, professed to favor a weak central government through the support of more states’ rights, â€Å"†¦that the states are independent†¦ to†¦themselves†¦and united as to everything respecting foreign nations.† (Document A). On the other hand, the Federalist Party, previously led by Alexander Hamilton, espoused the idea of a strong central government. The characterization of these two political parties during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison were inconsistent with the professed position in the 1790’s.The Jeffersonian Republican party was founded on specific principles, presented and created by Thomas Jefferson’s ideal of the perfect government. The nation was thus divided into two ideals – the Jefferson ian Republicans and the Federalists – but as Thomas Jefferson rose to power, the Federalists ideals and influence began to fade. During the Tripolitan War, Jefferson used mostly the navy to fight and win the war, because of Jefferson’s belief of a strong standing army was an invitation towards dictatorship. Specifically, the â€Å"mosquito fleet† was used because of its size and maneuverability. The â€Å"mosquito fleet† was also lightly funded because of the Jeffersonian Republicans’ belief in a minimal navy, but it provided sufficient protection for the American shores. Three years after the Tripolitan War, the Embargo Act was enacted to avoid yet another war, which was the reason for Jefferson’s pressure on Congress to pass it. The Embargo Act, however, was an example of Jefferson’s Jeffersonian Republicans’ â€Å"strict constructionist† ideal because a compromise in the Constitution stated that Congress had the power to regulate foreign trade. Jefferson’s main goal was to avoid war, but the Embargo Act only delayed what seemed to be the inevitable. The Embargo Act caused a complete boycott of British and European goods, and it was supposedly an ultimatum for the discontinuation of British and European harassment of American shi ps. The Embargo Act in turned backfired, because it hurt the merchants through the discontinued trade with superpower, Great Britain and other European countries, and was three times more costly than war itself. On the other hand, the Embargo did have positive attributes because the merchants began to develop domestic manufacturing, which slowly made the United States economically independent  from other countries’ economies. Ironically, Jefferson’s Embargo Act did cause an economic ripple in Europe, but the American people were too impatient to reap its â€Å"bountiful† yield. The Federalists obtained the title of being â€Å"loose constructionists.† The Jeffersonian Republicans’ rational of the Constitution was if it did not grant, it forbade. President Madison vetoed the Internal Improvement Bill (soon to be known as the American System) because â€Å"†¦seeing that such a power is not expressly given by the Constitution.† (Document H) President James Madison further defended his position by stating the success of the Constitution depended on the cooperation of the federal and state governments. (Document H) Thus President James Madison upheld the ideals of the Jeffersonian Republican of a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the conservation of states’ rights, even though he was the person to first propose/develop, the soon to be known, American System – later made popular by Henry Clay in 1824. The Jeffersonian Republicans wanted to avoid the Federalist ideals of â€Å"Congress has power to create a dict ator,† but the pressure from the American people and being the President of the United States caused certain members of the Jeffersonian Republicans to be steadfast on only several governmental and national topics. (Document D) As certain members, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, of the Jeffersonian Republicans rose into a higher leveled power, their ideals began to fade and mix with Federalists’ views. During Jefferson’s second term as president, Jefferson’s â€Å"reasons† â€Å"†¦tells me that civil powers along have been given to the President of the U.S†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document B). In four years time, Jefferson switched from his Jeffersonian Republicans’ view to the Federalists’. Furthermore, as Jefferson urged the removal/impeachment of Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, Jefferson was – at the same time – further empowering his own governmental position. The Embargo Act postponed America’s war with foreign European nations and developed the United States’ domestic manufacturing. On the other hand, the Embargo Act was quickly pushed through Congress by Thomas Jefferson, but the Embargo Act was never approved by the individua l states. So, the Embargo Act was a federal policy and not a policy passed by the states. The abolition of the slave trade also expressed Jefferson’s indirect favoritism towards the Federalist policies. The method  of which Jefferson obtained the abolition of the slave trade was against the Jeffersonian Republicans principles. The states did not have representation in the decision upon which to abolish the slave trade because Jefferson pushed the policy through Congress for a permanent ban on the slave trade. Similarly, the War of 1812, occurred during Madison’s presidency, was not supported by all American, and therefore was one of the many factors that caused America to suffer one of its most humiliating defeats. John Randolph, who was a Democratic Republican, began to state the obvious near the end of Madison’s presidency, â€Å"†¦the present government have renounced the true republican principles of Jefferson’s administration.† (Document F) The Jeffersonian Republicans were feeling the pressure of addressing national issues at different angles and they could not remain solid on their original ideals, â€Å"Their (Jeffersonian Republicans) pri nciple now is old Federalism.† (Document F) In a sense, Thomas Jefferson was slowly replacing his own political party ideals with Federalist ideals. The Jeffersonian Republicans was not the only political party to sway from its ideals. The Federalist, Daniel Webster, stepped aside from the common Federalists ideal. In Daniel Webster’s speech to the House of Representatives on the conscription bill, he strongly opposed the conscription bill. (Document D) What was his reason for such opposition, even though he was a Federalist? Thus, the Jeffersonian Republicans were not the only political parties to lean away from their political ideals, Federalists did also. The Louisiana Purchase further exemplified Thomas Jefferson’s growing detachment from his Jeffersonian Republican ideals. Where did it strictly say in the Constitution that Jefferson could buy land? It did not. Thus, Jefferson adopted the Federalist ideal of â€Å"loose construction† through buying land to expand America’s power, even though Jefferson contemplated if the purchase was unconstitutional. Similarly, the Federalists were also changing views, for the Federalist opposed the Louisiana Purchase – even though it would increase the federal government power. The underlying purpose of the Federalists’ opposition towards the Louisiana Purchase was mainly on political grounds. Through the United States doubling in size, the influence of the much faded Federalist ideals would further weaken because the Federalists were already out of office and faced steadily diminishing influence in American society. Thus, in a respect, the Federalist ideas did not begin to fade from public view  after John Adams was voted out of office, but instead was expressed to the public through the opposing party’s top officials, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. The characterization of the two parties did not remain accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison because of the pressure during the possession of the high powered position changed the views of the Jeffersonian Republican leaders, â€Å"laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.† (Document G) During Jefferson’s and Madison’s term as president, the single-minded ideal of the Jeffersonian Republican did not withstand the influence of the Federalist ideas on several government issues. Thus, Jefferson’s and Madison’s term as president was a melting pot of both Jeffersonian Republican and Federalist ideas. None of the two presidents were able to continually uphold the Jeffersonian Republican idea through their presidency. However, the War of 1812 – known as the Second War for Independence – would cause an upsurge of nationalism in the upcoming years during James Madison’s term as pr esident and bringing America closer.

The Modern Epic of Batman Essay - 731 Words

An epic is a long narrative poem that tells the exploits of an epic hero. Epics are comprised of an epic hero and an epic battle between good and evil. The earliest known epic today is The Epic of Gilgamesh. This tale is about Gilgamesh’s search for eternal life. Although epics have been around for thousands of years, the epic tradition still has an enormous impact on modern writing and film. In fact, Batman, a story about Bruce Wayne trying to conquer all criminals in Gotham, can be seen as modern epic. An epic must have a vast setting, start â€Å"in medias res† and consist epithets. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, he travels to an island that no human has ever been before and farther into the unknown world similar to how Bruce Wayne is released†¦show more content†¦Heroic heroes, Batman and Gilgamesh, perform numerous brave deeds. Before Bruce becomes Batman, he receives expert training from the League of Shadows high in the mountains where he learns how to disapp ear, face his fears, and become more than a man. In the Iliad, Achilles has the same concept of a special weapon, his armor. In both of Batman and Gilgamesh’s’ lives, they experience a tremendously traumatic event that changes their outlook on the world and life. Batman, Bruce Wayne, watches his parents be murdered in front of his own eyes as a young child and then blames himself for their death for his entire life, until he is taught to forget the past and make the future. Gilgamesh also had someone close to him die, his best friend. An epic battle is a fight between good and evil. In the battle, the epic hero and his enemy fight for their countries or their damsel in distress. Battles are in an enormous scale, involve supernatural weapons, and the universe is involved. Ferries and the entire city of Gotham are the victims of the fights among Batman and the Joker. When the Joker and Batman engage in hand to hand combat, Batman must go through various stories of the building and get past all of the Jokers men without being killed. Throughout the entire film, Batman and the cops try and take down the Mafia and cut off their money supply and the drugShow MoreRelatedEssay Beowulf and Batman622 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many similarities between Batman- a modern day hero making use of his intellect, modern technology, and detective skills on crime and warfare and the classic hero, Beowulf- who travels great distances to prove his strength against his enemies, even at impossible odds. For example, the simplest be ing that they are both heroes working towards the common good, saving others without twice thinking of their own safety. 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Rothschilds Fiddle - 1732 Words

Jackson Weeks Harold English 101 1-31-13 Chekhov’s Use of Futliarnost to Develop Yakov and the Importance of Morals in â€Å"Rothschild’s Fiddle† Futliarnost, a Russian literature theme which is often present in Anton Chekhov’s short stories, is when a character is encased in a situation and can not escape. In â€Å"Rothschild’s Fiddle†, Yakov is entrapped in an almost trance like state, that is brought about by loss and remorse in his life. â€Å"Is Yakov ever released from this state, through Marfa’s death, or any other instance and does Chekhov intend for the reader to see one single moral in this story?† Chekhov uses irony and ambiguity to develop Yakov â€Å"Rothschild’s Fiddle† into a deeper character as well. Chekhov uses one particular irony†¦show more content†¦Perhaps she was just rosy from the fever, or more likely just relieved that she was finally going to be released from her dreary life of being frightened by Yakov, mistreated, and not appreciated. Even though Marfa only has a small presence in the text, she is a great tool for Chekhov. She is used to bring up Yakov’s past. Marfa says â€Å"Do you remember fifty years ago God gave us a little baby with flaxen hair? We used always to be sitting by the river then, singing songs . . . under the willows, and laughing bitterly, she added: The baby girl died. Yakov did not remember his baby from years ago. Yakov had shut out most of his past, and only thought of profit and losses. However when Yakov later goes and sits beneath the tree and finally remembers their child, the reader is not ever sure as to whether he actually remembers the child, or if it is just a figment of his imagination. Another ambigu ity is when Yakov leaves the cemetary after Marfa’s burial it is said that he didn’t feel well. However it is never clarified if he is physically ill, or emotionally ill. If Yakov is only emotionally ill and ends up dying from this it would indicate that Yakov is much more deeply connected to Marfa than has previously been shown. This would perpetuate the theme of loss, because if he was extremely close to his wife, then her loss is only that much more painful to him. Loss is surely the main recurring theme throughout â€Å"Rothschild’s Fiddle†. Yakov inShow MoreRelatedSettings Analysis of Rothschild Fiddle1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe Story The setting of â€Å"Rothschilds Fiddle† is a squalid little village where Yakov Ivanov, a Russian coffin maker, and Rothschild, an equally poor Jewish musician, both live. Yakov lives in a one-room hut, which contains his gloomy wares as well as his humble domestic possessions. Childless, the dour Yakov barely notices Martha, his downtrodden wife of fifty years. Yakov has an unexpected side to his character, for he is a gifted, if rude, violinist who is sometimes invited to join the local

A Case Study Of No Child Left Behind - 1291 Words

547 For more than a decade the mandates of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) has placed enormous pressure on schools. This pressure required schools/school districts to evaluate and change the manner in which they conduct the business of education. Some of the areas that received heightened attention are; student achievement, teacher effectiveness and school accountability, all of which continue to be scrutinized. This scrutiny is not isolated to primarily one state or territory. In fact; the article Exiting Program Improvement (2014), backed this notion. The researchers in this article conducted a qualitative case study of ten (10) school principals in the state of California. At the time of this study the data demonstrated the†¦show more content†¦As mentioned in the article this was an issue that the principals in question would not have been able to change. However, that was not a reason for hindering their beliefs in student achievement. Instead they knew that they could make a difference with the time allotted in school. This meant that their teachers would have to foster a culture of providing high quality instruction for all students, while each student was at school. Many of the students at the schools in question were from low socio-economic status and the notion was that many of them would not be high achievers this one belief that had to be reworked into the school culture that all of the students would be great achievers. Another important fact noted by one principal is that they had to move towards shifting of cultural issues. Because if these issues were not addressed there is no chance that the educational problems(achievement) would ever be accomplished. Next, point highlighted was the fact that a schools culture cannot be changed if the issue of staff motivation was not addressed. 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Development of a Multi-Use Sports Stadium In Staedtler City Council

Questions: Describe about the Development of a Multi-Use Sports Stadium In Staedtler City Council? Answer: Overview Project Overview The vision of this program is to build a sports stadium for multiple purposes. Such a commitment shall require Designing the specifications required for the stadium. Work plan for the construction of the stadium Purchasing required material from a vendor HR It includes planning, all recruitment and management. Experiencing the best practices of the industry. To operate a functional program, strategic management after including senior managers of the company is necessary. For better management results, the project will have to include senior executives on the project so that planning can be done effectively. Goals This project aims towards establishing a sports stadium for multiple purposes. Deliverables Cost estimation is done Signing of contracts is done before the estimated date Schematic signed off of all the pending documents and contracts Checking, reviewing and permitting of the plan. The work can only proceed after this step is completed. Finalizing on cost estimate Award contract Use and occupancy certificate Proceedings First walk in Assumptions The prices for infrastructure and land are stable so the total amount can estimated There would be a requirement of minimum laborers to carry out the project. Labor charges will also have to be considered before the beginning of the project. The rules and regulations from the governments side would be stationary so they are to be followed. It will take maximum 4 days to get all the contracts signed and then work can proceed. Constraint The budget should be expected to rise by about 10% and if there is a possibility of the budget increasing more than 10%, the funds can be provided by loans. The expected time should be stretched to about 45 days. There is a chance that after the extension of 45 days on the work time, the government rules and regulations wont be functional anymore. The rate in the rise of the budget and the estimated time duration of the work can be predicted, considering how skilled the laborers are and how efficiently the planning of the project is being done. But the project management should be expecting a little issue with the budget and the time duration. Client Staedtler City Council Scope The scope of project encompasses needed functions and features in order to attain success of the project. The project team is responsible to manage the project scope while identifying and defining the project requirements, and applying it into a work breakdown structure (WBS) which is placed later in the project plan. Owner Deliverables Requirements Project Limits Project Manager Customer satisfaction Project completion as per deadline and budget Delivery of project by 2020 Approval from local government Planning, monitoring, controlling and reporting for the project Conforming to safety standards Workplace compliance Legal documentation Budget, Schedule, Economy, Weather, Government regulations Chief Financial Officer Budget Managing, controlling and reporting Project scope crawl, threats, and risks Project Director Civil and structural engineering An integrated plan for water cycle management including water requirement for pool, irrigation and amenities Detention basin wetland and water landscape package Developing civil, building, and ride attraction components Testing Government regulations, environmental factors, budget, schedule, contractor, supplies Head Contractor Construction activities Civil: Car parking area, roads, stormwater, site fencing and security, site preparation, and landscaping Buildings: Plant and maintenance room, back of house, amenities, main food/beverage complex, satellite food/beverage complex, stadium entry and retail section, lockers, change facilities Staff, budget, schedule, restraints, environmental impacts Head Architect Park design and planning Council approval Site inspection and testing Safety reports Completion deadline, legal compliance, safety environment Communications and Reporting Plan The project manager has to ensure effective and efficient communication throughout the project lifecycle. This would follow the 6 Cs of project management communication Clearly express the subject in words Concisely make the point Courteously make the delivery of message Consistently strengthen and support your point Confidentiality to be maintained always Compel the recipient to be receptive The plan of project communication provides a communication model during the project and can be updated if needed. The project plan clearly highlights team members roles and responsibilities with respect to the communication for stadium project. A communication matrix is prepared to provide detailed communication needs for the project including who to contact, when to communicate and what to communicate. Meetings - All the people supposed to join the meeting will be informed about the agenda at least two weeks in advance by the project manager. This is crucial for all the participants to timely attend all the scheduled meetings. All the meetings would be following PDCA model, Plan planning the meeting agenda Do conducting all meetings and recording minutes for these Check evaluating all the meetings Act Act on tasks supposed to be done between the periods of two meetings All the issues and concerns raised during the scheduled meetings will be recorded in the Issues Log, and will be monitored and updated as needed, and the resolved issues will be closed Minutes of the meetings will be recorded for all meetings and shared with all participants within 24 hours after the meeting is finished Email - It is important that all the email communications happen in professional manner in order to provide brief and effective communication between relevant people associated with the project as per the communication matrix. All the emails using it as a communication method to communicate a concern or issue, should provide brief description of the issue, related background information on the issue, and any suggestion that can be helpful in resolving the issue or reducing the impact of it. This should be ensured that project manager is provided copy of all emails related to the issues during the project period. Informal Communications - All the informal communications related with the issues, progress and schedule of the project should be communicated to the project manager so that necessary actions may be taken if needed. Staffing management The project will come up with the form of project-based organizational structure in order to facilitate synergy and coordination between the project teams, clearly depict the roles and responsibilities of every team member, and their reporting managers.The staffing needs for the project of stadium build include: Project Manager - While ensuring that the deadlines agreed with the client are met, the project manager needs to take ownership of planning, coordinating and managing the project plan during project. The project manager will meet the entire project team once in a week to conduct project progress and risk management meetings, while being the key point of communication for the client. Project Director - The project director would be integral part of the project team build for stadium project, and all the engineers would be reporting to project director. As defined in the risk register, the project director would be responsible to manage health and risk related to safety and control and report the same on regular basis. Head Contractor - The head contractor has to be responsible to maintain effective communication with all the labour and contract force staff. The head contractor has to manage risks related to the stakeholders during the project duration and the head contractor will also handle liaising with all the suppliers in order to ensure that suppliers are maintaining the agreements. The head contractor will be part of the project team and regularly attend the scheduled meetings in order to report issues, progress and risks associated with the construction activity and concerned areas of the project. Head Architect - The head architect has to be part of the project team and regularly attend all the meetings in order to report about the design aspects of the project. The head architect has to be responsible for monitoring, controlling and managing all the design aspects of the project and will need to communicate the design concerns and issues to the project team for further review. Chief Financial Officer - The chief financial officer will be responsible for budgetary, cash flow management, accounting and reporting during the project period. The chief financial officer will attend project team meetings on weekly basis to discuss the budgetary concerns and conduct monthly review on project milestones formally. Project background The project is about developing a stadium for a local community and is ideated by the staedtler city council. The project is spread out over a period of 5 years. The project is a rather large type and when completed will have various different features. Key construction components of the project include a stadium constructed appropriately for both day and night matches with a seating capacity of 5000 spectators along with 2000 standing spectators. The central area of the stadium will be constructed with artificial turf. The project is meant to be accessible by various transport modes and it also must have a total of 2000 vehicular parking facility including both indoors and on-street. Apart from this, there would be appropriate facilities within the stadium to support upto 6 teams at a time as well as an administrative area for the officials. The project is quite complex and technologically advance, as a result all individuals and organizations involved in this will have a rewarding opportunity. Scope of the project The scope of the project for the construction of the stadium will include staff training for the operation of park facilities and familiarization of the surroundings. Once the whole training package has been conducted, the project will be completed and handed over to a client fully operational. Budget of the project The project manager along with the Chief Financial Officer will conduct budget reporting and Cost management. The Project Manager shall review and put forward the information that is related to the performance and the cost management at the weekly Project Team meetings, with budget reporting held at each stage of the life cycle of the project by the CFO. Bottom Up estimate will determine the budget of the project on analyzing each and every activity thoroughly in the work breakdown structure with the much-needed assistance from the Project Team of course along with the professional input. Cost and Schedule Performance Index is to be reported by the CFO on a monthly basis to the clients. Cost variances up to +/- 10 per cent of the already forecasted budget shall be logged, labeled as cautionary, indicating the need to review the impact on the budget and has to be dealt with accordingly. The cost variance of +/-20% shall be lodged at a critical and need immediate action from a Project Manager to bring the budget back in the line. The CFO shall also record an Earned Value Calculation and report accordingly at the monthly budget review meetings. Budget Task wise Task Name Resource Names Cost Multi-Use Stadium construction $1,916,416.00 Year 1: Preliminaries $147,520.00 Finalize Client Preliminary Tasks HR $15,200.00 Get go-ahead Project Manager $2,400.00 Architectural Preliminaries Contractor $0.00 Obtain Consultant Contracts $36,920.00 Finalize architects Contractor $0.00 Finalize structure Engineer $10,320.00 Finalize landscaping Procurement Manager $11,400.00 Finalize budget Project Manager $12,000.00 Finalize consultant contracts Contractor $0.00 Negotiate Consultants contracts Project Manager $3,200.00 Get contract sign-offs Project Manager $0.00 Program evaluation $93,000.00 Review Cost Estimate HR $15,200.00 Conduct Interviews HR $22,800.00 Get feedbacks Project Manager $16,000.00 Integrate feedback Contractor $0.00 Obtain Consultant Contracts Project Manager, HR $39,000.00 Year 2: Schematic designs $349,280.00 Prepare initial schematic Project Manager $48,000.00 Present schematic Project Manager, Architect $2,240.00 Review by council $0.00 Integrate feedback 1 Project Manager, Architect, Engineer $26,560.00 Revise schematic 1 Project Manager $16,000.00 Review by sponsor $0.00 Integrate feedback 2 Project Manager, Architect, Engineer $143,520.00 Revise schematic 2 Project Manager, Architect, Engineer $73,760.00 Presentation Or Q/As Project Manager, Architect $7,200.00 Final review by Agency $0.00 Schematic Signed-off Project Manager $16,000.00 Preliminary cost estimation Project Manager $16,000.00 Year 3: Design Development $60,000.00 Kick-off meeting $5,600.00 Submission of design documents Project Manager $4,000.00 Sign-offs of Designs Project Manager $1,600.00 Construction Documents $54,400.00 Kick-off meeting Project Manager $800.00 Consultant kick-off meeting Project Manager $800.00 Finalize construction documents Project Manager $36,800.00 Get documents for permit Project Manager $16,000.00 Finalize 100% cost estimate Project Manager $0.00 Phase 4: Building Review $11,600.00 Get Building Permit Process Procurement Manager $7,600.00 Get Sign-offs Project Manager $4,000.00 Get Building Permit Project Manager $0.00 Phase 5: Selection of vendor $99,840.00 Collect bids Project Manager, Procurement Manager $92,040.00 Review bids Project Manager, Procurement Manager $7,800.00 Phase 6: Contraction Administration $1,248,176.00 Construction of Building $274,720.00 Draw #1 (Site plan) Project Manager $16,000.00 Lot clearance Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $79,040.00 Stripping Topsoil Stockpile Project Manager, Laborers, Engineer $56,320.00 Excavation Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $65,440.00 Excavating for foundation Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $57,920.00 Foundation $487,256.00 Layout footings Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $28,960.00 Install Reinforcing Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $26,080.00 Footing Inspection Project Manager, Engineer, QA $20,080.00 Pouring of footings Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $33,856.00 Pining footings Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $64,160.00 Set-up Stock of Block, Mortar, Sand Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $64,160.00 Block foundation Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $51,120.00 Get Foundation Certification Project Manager, Engineer, QA $18,040.00 Draw #2 (Footing and foundation plan) Project Manager $48,000.00 Filling-up of Block Cores with Concrete Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $20,960.00 Steel Delivery Project Manager, Laborers, Engineer $34,080.00 Setting Lintels, Bolts, Cap Block Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $34,080.00 Lumber delivery Project Manager $8,000.00 Waterproofing Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $26,080.00 Draw # 3 (Parking) Project Manager $3,200.00 Draw #4 (Accommodation) Project Manager $4,000.00 Draw #5 (Central Area) Project Manager $2,400.00 Rough Carpentry $73,144.00 Set-up Steel Project Manager, Carpenters, Engineer $1,928.00 Parking framing Project Manager, Engineer, Carpenters $10,912.00 Accommodation framing Project Manager, Engineer, Carpenters $10,912.00 Central are framing Project Manager, Engineer, Carpenters $5,456.00 Draw #6 (Seating arrangement) Project Manager $3,200.00 Draw #7 (Professional ground) Project Manager $3,200.00 Professional ground framing Project Manager, Carpenters, Engineer $8,184.00 Roof truss Project Manager, Carpenters, Engineer $5,456.00 Frame seating arrangement roof Project Manager, Engineer, Carpenters $23,896.00 Concrete Slabs $10,040.00 Preparation of Parking Slab Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $3,616.00 Termite Treatment of Parking Slab Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $1,808.00 Inspection of Slab Project Manager, Engineer, QA $2,008.00 Pouring of Parking Slab Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $2,608.00 Electric Rough-in $57,800.00 Draw#10 Professional area Project Manager, Engineer $4,464.00 Draw#11 Seating arrangement Project Manager, Engineer $4,464.00 Setting of Electric Boxes Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $3,776.00 ESP installation Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $3,776.00 Electrical Walk-through Project Manager, Engineer, QA $2,008.00 Electrical Rough-wire Project Manager, Engineer, QA $39,312.00 Specialty Rough-ins $58,576.00 Central Vacuum Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $13,440.00 Alarm System Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $13,440.00 Telephone System Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $13,440.00 Audio Visual Project Manager, Engineer, Electricians $13,440.00 Electrical inspection Project Manager, Engineer, QA $2,808.00 Framing inspection Project Manager, Engineer, QA $2,008.00 Roofing $21,376.00 Installation of Roofing Paper Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $5,424.00 Draw #7 (Roof plan) Project Manager, Engineer $1,488.00 Finalize roof shingles Project Manager, Engineer, Laborers $1,808.00 Install roof shingles Project Manager, Laborers, Engineer $12,656.00 Elevations $13,392.00 Draw# 12 Building elevations Project Manager, Engineer $5,952.00 Draw# 13 Rear building elevation Engineer, Project Manager $7,440.00 Exterior Finishes $56,448.00 Siding Laborers, Engineer $3,024.00 Exterior Trim Engineer, Laborers $7,056.00 Brick of Arch Forms Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Brick Veneer Engineer, Laborers $45,360.00 Insulation $6,048.00 Sealing of Caulk Air Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Draft Fire Stop Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Insulation of batt Engineer, Laborers $3,024.00 BGE Energy Wise Inspection Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Drywall $26,208.00 Stock Drywall Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Hang Drywall Engineer, Laborers $5,040.00 Remove Scrap Drywall Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Tape and Finish Drywall Engineer, Laborers $15,120.00 Sand Drywall Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Drywall Point-up Engineer, Laborers $3,024.00 Floor Finishes $26,208.00 Ceramic Tile Engineer, Laborers $15,120.00 Installation of Hardwood Floor Engineer, Laborers $4,032.00 Sand, Stain, Seal Hardwood Engineer, Laborers $5,040.00 Final Coat Hardwood Engineer, Laborers $2,016.00 Paint $37,680.00 Preparation of Drywall for Prime Coat Engineer, Whitewashers $2,176.00 Prime Paint Drywall Engineer, Whitewashers $2,176.00 Prep Trim for Prime Coat Engineer, Whitewashers $2,176.00 Prime Trim Engineer, Whitewashers $2,176.00 Finish Coat Trim Engineer, Whitewashers $10,880.00 Finish Coat Drywall Engineer, Whitewashers $15,232.00 Caulk Exterior Windows Doors Engineer, Whitewashers $1,088.00 Finish Coat Exterior Trim Siding Engineer, Whitewashers $1,088.00 Draw #7 (Roof) Engineer $688.00 Interior Trim $29,328.00 Interior Trim Delivery Engineer, Carpenters $1,128.00 Installing Interior Doors Engineer, Carpenters $5,640.00 Installing Interior Trim Engineer, Carpenters $16,920.00 Installing Cabinetry Engineer, Carpenters $5,640.00 Plumbing Trim $6,528.00 Set Fixtures Engineer, Plumbers $4,352.00 Connect Appliances Engineer, Plumbers $1,088.00 County Final Plumbing Inspection Engineer, Plumbers $1,088.00 Exterior Landscaping $32,256.00 Rough Final Grade Engineer, Laborers $1,008.00 Patios Engineer, Laborers $7,056.00 Porches Engineer, Laborers $5,040.00 Sidewalks Engineer, Laborers $7,056.00 Decks Engineer, Laborers $7,056.00 Driveways Engineer, Laborers $2,016.00 Final Grade and Seed Engineer, Laborers $3,024.00 Electrical Final Trim $4,352.00 Switch Plug Engineer, Electricians $2,176.00 Installing Fixtures Engineer, Electricians $1,088.00 Connect Appliances Engineer, Electricians $1,088.00 Use Occupancy Certificate Project Manager $8,000.00 First Walk-thru Project Manager $8,000.00 Final set $5,312.00 Trim and Adjust Doors Engineer, Carpenters $4,512.00 Paint Touch-up Whitewashers $800.00 Cleaning $5,504.00 Ground Engineer $2,064.00 Rough Clean Engineer $2,064.00 Final Clean Engineer $1,376.00 Final Walk-through $0.00 Work Breakdown Structure Resource utilization Risk Management Plan The exclusive risk management plan has been designed specially to serve as the live document that is to be updated throughout the life cycle of the project. It is going to serve as a reference during the event that threats or risks to the project arise and provide a framework for reporting and managing such issues. It is going to provide an insight in the risks, which have been recognized by the Project Team and segregate them on the basis of the probability and the severity. The identified risks are logged into the risk register and an assigned team member who's responsible and capable of handling the risk, as well as the mitigation strategies required while dealing with risks. It is essential that the risks or the threats to the project be immediately communicated to the Project Team for a review. Once this Project Team finishes reviewing the risk and refers to it as valid, it shall be added on to the risk register to be managed appropriately. Once the threats cease to exist, or is appropriately mitigated, the risk can be closed, then removed from the risk register. Project risks and the risk register will be discussed at weekly Project. Team meetings to be arranged ensure identification, control and effective management. On the completion of the project in the Closing Phase, the Project Manager will analyze each risk from the project and the risk management process used. This will provide insight into any improvements that could have been made and increase the knowledge of dealing with risks. This will form part of the lessons learned knowledge base. Risk register Category Risk/Responsibility Potential Causes Potential Responses Severity Meeting Agreement Budget Overrun (CFO) - Project scope creep - Rise in prices of materials - Marking of obstacles lacking in planning - Weekly meeting with Project teams which will include budget reviews done at the completion of each life cycle of the project - Budget risk minimized by planning contingencies - Maintenance of schedule by increase in night work - Project plan compromise Extreme (16) Schedule Overrun (PM) -Poorly Managed schedules -Work Packages poorly defined -Project Planned in Phases -Identification of Weekly Project Team who can identify risks in present and predictions of future risks -Compromise in other areas of the project Extreme (20) Customer Success Failure to Meet Customers needs (PM) -Failure to meet deadlines -Increase work hours by increasing work at night -Meeting stakeholders and customers to discuss risks, plans, mitigation activities, responsibilities and roles High (12) Failure to Satisfy Customer Expectations (PM) -Visions misinterpretation -Designs not up to mark -Consultations on various developments and changes -Clients to be included in daily progress with reviews and meeting -Actively engaging clients in process and daily review sessions with them High (9) Health and Safety Risks to health and safety of the workers, employees who are terminal and/or the public (PD) -Hazards of the workplace and safety standards of the rides not properly identified -Consultation with field experts -Maintenance of open line of communication between the key stakeholders -Site safety tested -Site Safety discussed with contractors on a monthly basis Moderate (6) Stakeholder Management Materials and supplies delayed/not available causing threat to schedule (HC) -Poor line of communication between stakeholders and suppliers -Maintaining proper line of communication between main suppliers -Register set up for supply orders and identification of delivery dates -Ensuring suppliers are able to meet responsibilities before making arrangements Using of alternative products -Late arrivals to be accommodated by increase in night work or day time labour forces Extreme (12) Quality Management Plan The standard set out for the Quality Baseline is meant to be mandatory met, or exceeded for this stadium project ought to be deemed an acceptable quality and success. Quality testing has been carried on throughout a project and upon the completion of the project execution prior to handing over to clients. Quality shall be measured by the Six Sigma themed approach by using the DMAIC methodology. The quality assurance (QA) shall be performed for auditing the effectiveness of the quality measured in assessing the project quality and monitoring the process of improvement using DMAIC model. The quality control has to be performed for monitoring and recording the information gained from quality assessments for assessing the performance and improving wherever necessary. The outputs of the quality control include preventative or other corrective actions, defect repaired or validated deliverable. DMAIC Phase Project Quality Tool Description Define Charter Initial agreement of project highly critical, expectations and identification of resources to be set for need of project initiation Stakeholder Analysis Prioritizing and identifying stakeholders who are involved in the project Plan of Communication Development of Project Communication framework, informing all stakeholders of the project progress Client Voice Listening and implementation of client wishes in the project Supplier-Input-Process-Output-Customer (SIPOC) Learning of framework for customer desires and assistance with scope of the project Measure Critical to Quality Identification of the qualities of the processes that are critical to the client and ensuring satisfaction of client Metrics (Operational Definition) Defining how data is collected and how it measures performance Process Map (Flow Chart) Sequenced activities for project that shows timings, points of pain, bottlenecks and responsibilities Data Collection Plan (Define Measures) What to measure is defined and where it is to be recorded Analyse Histogram Bar diagrams showing various process, their mean, variance, shape and spread Pareto Chart Key problems shown with a Vertical Bar Chart Root Cause Analysis Identification techniques for underlying causes of problems so as to provide proper solutions Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FEMA) Assistance to understand the critical causes of failures with the help of risk priority, abatement suggestions and reprioritizing accordingly. Improve Brainstorming Collaboration done with project teams on causes and solutions of problems and finding improvement Diagram of Cause and Effect Exploration of the different causes of various problems Pilot Potential project problem solutions are tested on small scale experiments Control Control Chart Assistance in understanding of variations that happen over time Dashboards Applied to compare present performance against past performances before changes were made Lessons Learned Knowledge gained from sharing experiences among peers. Documentation of improvement in strategies and best rehearsal for upcoming projects All Phases Project Review Analysis of project process and ensuring the project completion is done on time and budget Change Management Systematic approach to conquer resistance to changes. Change management plan Change requests all through the project are to be directed to the project management team through the medium of a change request form. Change requests can be put forth by any stakeholder or team member and ought to include a description of the change proposed, in detail. Change requests are to be submitted for the changes that relate to the project, which includes budgeting, scope, the schedule or the resources. The change control process steps include: 1. Recognize the need to change 2. Submit a request to change to the Project Management Team to review sooner 3. The Project Management Team is going to log this change request to the Change Control Register and assess the request of change for assessing risks and effects on the budget 4. Scope and schedule: 5. The Project Management Team works on submitting a requested change 6. Control Board for review. 7. The Change Control Board will discuss the proposed change and make a decision on the fact that whether the change is to approve or disapprove. 8. The change requests, which have been approved, are to be implemented by the Project Manager. Health and Safety Plan Structure and the major Responsibilities The various obligations of the management team who are responsible for the daily activities of the project site like the manager of the site, foreman of the site and the health and safety inspector can be found in the companys health and safety policy which is a part of the health and safety folder at the office of the site. Health and Safety goals for the project as per standard area- The project is required to be completed without any major injuries or accidents of the workers All workers are directed to attend the required toolbox talks, which will be monitored and recorded. Arrangements to be carried out Regular communication between the architect, clients and the principal contractors, which are to be achieved with the help of meetings in progress that include a health and safety issue to be addressed on the agenda. (Expected number of meetings is and held during the duration of the project). The procedures and discussions that take place during these meetings are to be recorded and distributed to all parties that are interested who will further discuss the actions and decisions within their own organizations. When it is required, arrangements for communications in English with workers who speak English as a secondary language will be made. These arrangements are discussed in detail with the companys Health and Safety Policy document, which is located at the site office. If it is required, then the foreman or the supervisor of the site will directly confer with the subcontractors, suppliers, and manager of the site, the local and public schools, which include the neighborhood school s. Guidance For The Small Scale/Smaller Sized Contractors 1. Consultation with the workforce Encouragement to employees and sub-contractors are to be made so that they raise the daily health and safety issues and the concerns that they might face with the foreman of the site, during toolbox talks. The Safety Data Information Sheets or SDIS will be made available to any and all employees and sub-contractors who might want to view them. 2. Managing the design changes that occur during the phase of the construction If any critical design changes take place during the course of construction than might lead to additional and significant risks, it should be consulted between the manager of the site and the client, architects and the CDM coordinators. These discussions should happen during the progress meetings. 3. Subcontractor management and selection The selection and governing of the sub-contractor of the project work will be referred within the companys Health and Safety Policy document which is located at the site office. 4. Information exchange regarding health and safety between the sub-contractors The manager of the site is to communicate all safety and health information to the sub-contractors during the progress meetings. The sub-contractor has the power to raise any form of health and safety issue with the manager of the site at any time. 5. Site security and access arrangements Full implementation of the security of the site will be identified during the Site Security Risk Assessment. 6. Site induction- All those who have been working on the site shall be briefed on the onset of the induction stage due to the risks associated with this site and the relevant information can be sought from Appendix A. The site foreman is going to keep a check for further evidence of competence as personnel reach the site, which might include the training records. Visitors are going to be provided with a brief site induction theyll be accompanied always. The risk assessment of young individuals will be carried out during this stage for all the personnel under the age of 18 years and this is going to be held in the health and safety section of the company located at the site office. 7. On-site training - Whenever appropriate, on-the-job-training shall be offered under thorough supervision of a competent individual. Details of the training are to be recorded to be held in the health and safety section of the company in the site office. Welfare facilities and first aid arrangements Welfare facilities like that of canteen facilities, site office and a toilet attached to a foul sewer can also be found on the site within the compound. The welfare facilities that are provided include hot running water, heating facilities include heating food. During induction, all subcontractors, employees and visitors are repeatedly made aware of the presence of these welfare facilities and that of the canteen. The presence of an assigned person or first aider, along with fully stocked first aid kit can be easily located within the site office. Furthermore, a mobile phone will be available on site to summon an ambulance whenever needed. Details of local hospitals located nearby are stored in the site office too. Conclusion and Recommendations The project has been developed on the basis of best practices of project management. The multi-use stadium construction will be done in phases. During the preliminary stages, the detailed project has been prepared which includes communication management plan, risk management plan, etc. The project had also considered the role of resources who were involved in the project. Their roles and responsibilities were clearly defined. The success of the project will also be majorly dependent on the diligence and output of all the resources involved. The project will be completed in 5 years duration and will follow all measures of quality management. References Gulla, J. (2012, Feb). Seven Reasons IT Projects Fail. Retrieved from https://www.ibmsystemsmag.com: https://www.ibmsystemsmag.com/power/Systems-Management/Workload-Management/project_pitfalls/?page=2 Organizing for Project Management. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu: https://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/02_Organizing_for_Project_Management.html Duncan, W.R. (n.d) A guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, Available: https://www.unipi.gr/akad_tmhm/biom_dioik_tech/files/pmbok.pdf. Hamilton, G. (n.d.). Risk management and project management go hand in hand. Retrieved from https://www.cio.com.au: https://www.cio.com.au/article/385084/risk_management_project_management_go_hand_hand/ HubPages. (n.d.). Project Management Time Cost Estimation Techniques: An Overview. Retrieved from https://hubpages.com: https://hubpages.com/hub/Project-Management-Time-Cost-Estimation-Techniques-An-Overview PMI. (2010). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). USA. Schwalbe, K. (2013). INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROJECT MANAGEMENT. Burgenson, A.L. Risk Assessment and Management, [Online], Available: HYPERLINK "https://www.asq509.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/id/26024" https://www.asq509.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/id/26024 . Institue, P. M., 2012. A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide). 4th Ed. Lisa Dorian, C., 2011. Risk Management: Understanding Risk Mitigation. [Online] Available at: https://www.ica.bc.ca/ii/ii.php?catid=17 Minnesota, U., 2011. Work Breakdown Structure and Gantt Chart. [Online] Available at: https://www.me.umn.edu/courses/me4054/assignments/wbsgantt.html Omidvar, H. (2008) Project Budget cost management, [Online], Available: HYPERLINK "https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/OMB/Resources/Files/omb/pdfs/costestimation/presentation1.pdf" https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/OMB/Resources/Files/omb/pdfs/costestimation/presentation1.pdf . Pincemaille, C., 2008. Prince 2: a methodology of project management. [Online] Available at: https://www.pincemaille.net/rsc/swEng_PrincePaper.pdf Umich.edu (2002) ME450: Gantt Chart Handout, [Online], Available: HYPERLINK "https://www-personal.umich.edu/~bobden/me450_gantt_chart_handout.pdf" https://www-personal.umich.edu/~bobden/me450_gantt_chart_handout.pdf Vilarinho, S. V.-R., 2012. Risk Management Model In ITIL. [Online] Available at: https://dspace.ist.utl.pt/bitstream/2295/1108942/1/Dissertacao.pdf

To Kill A Mocking Bird By Lee Essays (778 words) -

To Kill A Mocking Bird By Lee Racial categories are created in the film To Kill A Mockingbird through a complex societal hierarchy founded in difference. Although all of Macon county lives in poverty, the town does not unite on the basis of this shared experience, but instead focuses on their differences, both real and imagined, to segregate themselves. The town operates under a general assumption that wealthier whites hold the most power and prestige, followed by poorer whites, while all blacks, regardless of financial station, are considered to be the lowest citizens. General depictions of black men and women in the film are of household servants and ignorant, docile farm workers. The only slight indication that there were any educated blacks in Macon comes from the appearance of the preacher at Tom Robinson's trial. Held on charges of raping and beating a poor, white woman, Mr. Robinson is portrayed as a meek and nearly helpless man. The fact that he can barely speak in his own defense, relays both the idea that black men were uneducated, as well as the idea that blacks were afraid to step over the boundaries of their society. Attics Finch, a kind and fair white lawyer, is the only person to speak up for Mr. Robinson. This demonstrates the idea that the lowly black man needs a benevolent white man to "save" him and direct his life along the right path. Black men and women in the film are unable to make their own decisions. Clearly, there were obvious lines drawn in Macon, delegating specific roles to the various groups of citizens. The dark pigment of Mr. Robinson's skin placed him on the bottom rung of society, forcing him into a subservient position. It is difficult to discern whether the film is attempting to garner sympathy for the oppressed black community, or reinforce stereotypes of ignorant and complacent black men and women. While the initial depictions of the black community center around the Finch's maid, Calpurnia, the respect with which the family treats her is far from the norm. Ranging from the callous indifference of several of the white law-enforcement officers, to the blatant racism of the group of country farmers, much meaning is assumed from difference. The racism of Macon seems to stem from the Southern history of slavery. Blacks continue to be classed as servants, and not equals, to the white townspeople. With no other opportunities available to them, the black workers attempt to make the most out of what they have. They are faced daily with the stigma attached to the color of their skin, a difference which assigns the entire black community an inferior status. Especially evident in the treatment of blacks by the poor, white farmers, is a desire for dominance over the blacks. Bob Ewel, the father of the victim, expresses his distaste by referring to black men as "boy," a term we have seen is weighted by heavy historical significance. This racism most likely stems from the substandard treatment these farmers receive from the wealthier population of Macon. In the blacks, the farmers are looking for a place to vent their own frustration and exert power over another group. The idea of ethnic identity as an illusion opened my eyes to the fallacy of a single identity for every group. Using only the basic elements of family life for example, it is clear to see that the Finch family is very different from the farming Cunningham family, despite the fact that they are both white. This illusion shows up again in the lumping together of all of the black men and women of Macon into a single category, at the expense of any individual identities. Even Tom Robinson, the man held on (false) charges of raping a white woman, is never developed as a character. The audience is left to imagine that he is "just" another poor, black farmer. I chose this film because of the use of difference as a foundation for social hierarchy. Throughout the film, there is much lumping of various ethnic groups. A group identity is favored over the individual identity, and all assumptions are based on the idea that each member of a group shares the same thoughts, values, and identity. Seeing the various episodes of the film through the eyes of the young narrator, Scout Finch, also offered a unique perspective to the film. The questioning eyes of a child are often as critical as any educated outsider looking in on Macon could be. Through this course I have